("Human Skeleton Posing Royalty Free Stock Photo - Image: 9277335", n.d.)
Accessory Ligaments: a band of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages,serving to support and strengthen joints.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Shoulder: coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament.
Elbow:
Wrist: transverse carpal
Shoulder: coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament.
Elbow:
Wrist: transverse carpal
Anisotropy: When a tendon is imaged perpendicular to the ultrasound beam, the characteristic hyperechoic fibrillar appearance is displayed. However, when the ultrasound beam is angled as little as 5 degrees relative to the long axis of such a structure, the normal hyperechoic appearance is lost; the tendon becomes more hypoechoic as angle increases.(Jacobson, 2013, chapter 1)
Articular Capsule:A sac enclosing a joint, formed by an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane. Also called joint capsule. It cushions bones and allows gliding motions.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Eg. Shoulder Articular Capsule
Eg. Shoulder Articular Capsule
Arthritis: Inflammation of a joint, often accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, and resulting from infection, trauma, degenerative changes, metabolic disturbances, or other causes. It can occur in various forms, such as bacterial arthritis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Articular Disc: A plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule and separating the articular surfaces of the bones for a varying distance, sometimes completely; it serves to adapt two articular surfaces that are not entirely congruent.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Bursae:a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.) Should not exceed 2 mm (Thomas, L. (September 9, 2013)Lecture 1: Orientation to Musculoskeletal Ultrasound).
Bursitis: Inflamed Bursa. Overuse, injury and sometimes an infection from gout or rheumatoid arthritis may cause bursitis. Symptoms include: pain, tenderness, swelling, loss of movement and if septic in nature: red, hot, and accompanied with a fever. ("What Is Bursitis? What Causes Bursitis?", n.d.)
Calcific Tendonitis: Calcific tendonitis refers to a build-up of calcium in the rotator cuff. When calcium builds up in the tendon, it can cause a build up of pressure in the tendon, as well as cause a chemical irritation, which leads to pain.
("Calcific Tendonitis",n.d.)
Compartment syndrome: Develops when swelling or bleeding occurs within a compartment. Since the fascia does not stretch, this can cause increased pressure on the capillaries, nerves, and muscles in the compartment. The blood flow to muscle and nerve cells gets disrupted. Without a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients from blood, the nerve and muscle cells can be damaged.In acute compartment syndrome permanent disability and tissue death may result, unless pressure is relieved fast . This does not usually happen in chronic compartment syndrome. ("Compartment Syndrome -OrthoInfo - AAOS", 2013)
Enthesis: The site where a muscle or ligament attaches to bone.
Entrapment: Compression of a nerve or vessel by adjacent tissue. ("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Impingement: Term used when soft tissue is trapped, usually between bones, leading to pressure, inflammation, pain and loss of function. ("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Joint Types:
Labral tear: When a labrum tears, it may become a flap of tissue that can move in and out of the joint. The flap can cause pain and catching when a person moves. Can be caused by overuse, injury, or age. (Houston Methodist Orthopedics, n.d.)
Movements:
Muscle Types:
Synovial Fluid:a clear thixotropic fluid, the main function of which is to serve as a lubricant in a joint, tendon sheath, or bursa; consists mainly of mucin with some albumin, fat, epithelium, and leukocytes; synovial f. also helps to nourish the avascular articular cartilage.("`Synovial Fluid--Definiton". n.d.)
Tendon Sheath: A synovial membrane surrounding a tendon. Allows tendon to move.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)
Tendonitis: Inflammation or irritation of a tendon. If severe can lead to rupture of the tendon, Symptoms include pain, tenderness, and mild swelling, ("Tendinitis: Symptoms - MayoClinic.com", 2013)
Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of the tendon and tendon sheath.("Medical Dictionary", n.d.)